Our aim is to design a model in the sense of a scientific hypothesis in whichthe gravitational force is explained as an electromagnetic effect. Since massis equivalent to energy, it seems to be natural that gravitation does not playan exceptional role in the series of basic physical forces or interactions, butis integrated into the electromagnetic character of the other physical forces.Thus a further search for gravitons or any new particles which transmit thegravitational force is superfluous. We think that general experience in physics recommends to try to explain phenomena with as few causes as possible.Moreover, the search for new particles which could transmit the gravitationalforce was long and unsuccessful.Another remarkable effect is that the law of gravitation has the same structure as Coulomb’s law for the interaction between electric charges at rest:The force of attraction respectively repulsion (according to the signs of thecharges) is proportional to the product of the magnitude of the charges andinversely proportional to the square of the distance between them, see e.g.Purcell (1965), p. 7 ff. Moreover, down to distances less than 10^−12 m, noquantum modifications of the electromagnetic forces have to be taken intoaccount according to Purcell (1965), p.3. Considering the size of an atom onthe scale of 10^−10 m and the fact that “electromagnetic forces are the onlyessential forces which act on electrons” according to Wichmann (1989), p. 34resp. p. 45, the impact and importance of electromagnetic forces on atomsand any agglomeration of matter and its conditions are clear. Of course, the explanation or model presented here is far from being complete or even detailed. It is up to physicists who study elementary particlesto justify the model by suitable measurements. A consequence of that model is the view that the basic or original subjectof nature is electromagnetic energy and not matter, matter is conceived asmaterialized energy.

If the universe as a whole is modeled and studied, the principal problem arises that it cannot be included into a larger model or system, about which something as for structure, laws or evolution is known. The various limitations of perception of mankind and individual human beings reinforce the difficulties of creating such a model. One has to extrapolate models and laws which are appropriate and valid for “subsystems” to design a maximal model for the universe as a whole. The first question is which models and laws are appropriate for such an extrapolation, the next one is how the extrapolation should be performed. In science the extrapolation of models and laws from a domain, in which their validity can be assured either by experience or by experiments, to a much larger domain, generally leads to delicate questions as to its admissibility. Since mathematics offers the keys to deal with science and to explain natural reality, extrapolations are performed via or by means of mathematical models. In general these models can be extrapolated to any extent or “up to infinity” according to the rules of mathematics. But if one wants to learn about natural reality, the question remains, whether an extrapolated mathematical model corresponds to a phenomenon existing in natural reality or not, i.e. whether a mathematical extrapolation is valid or admissible with regard to natural reality. Especially in the context of “infinity”, i.e. “infinitely large or small” (infinitesimal magnitudes e.g.), the problems of extrapolation reach their peak. With respect to the problem of admissible extrapolations or of limited admissibility of theoretical or mathematical models and laws, we point out three basic reasons for inadmissible extrapolation: First, the validity of a model may be restricted with respect to various aspects of the phenomenon to be modeled, i.e. some aspects are modeled appropriately, others not. As a classical example we mention the models for light, wave or particle. Another example is induced by the stochastic process of Brownian motion which represents the usual mathematical model for the motion of a small particle in a liquid. As is well-known, all paths of this process are almost everywhere non-differentiable, hence a velocity of the particle cannot be derived from this model. Of course, the velocity of the particle can be explained by means of a different model. Second, the right, true model respectively law can perhaps not be determined by observation or experiment because of the natural restrictions in the perception of human beings. The restrictions are either caused by the lack of appropriate technical instruments for observation or experimentation, or they are brought about by the observable range of the corresponding phenomena. Starting from a smaller range of observation, which is under control, and going to a larger one, there may be a change in the structure of the model or law. Up to some time in the past mankind had not been able to find out the laws of relativistic mechanics, but only those of “classical” mechanics. As further examples we mention some physicists’ doubt in our days that the well-known law of gravitation is correct over any wide range in the universe and Newton's second law is correct under any circumstances, cf. Milgrom (2002). Maybe the true laws applicable to the whole universe have not been found up to now, because of our limited capacity of observation. Third, necessary parameters for the evaluation or application of a certain law of nature possibly are not measured correctly. For example the law of gravitation in its known form may induce misleadings, because distances are not measured correctly. If inadmissible extrapolations are performed, they will provoke misleadings, contradictions, bizarre phenomena. On the level of mathematical models there appear so-called singularities, which in some sense represent the concentrated rest of unaccountable or contradictory facts and insufficiencies. Again, we mention some examples demonstrating these effects: The seeming possibility of time travelling (in the strict sense); a statement like “The effect precedes the cause”; the phenomenon of Dark Matter which is possibly caused by applying incorrectly the known law of gravitation or a false law; a statement like “There is a multitude of universes parallel to ours” without providing any empirical hint to that. With respect to the last statement the term “a multitude of universes” seems to be contradictory in itself already from the linguistic point of view. If one wants to build a model for the universe as a whole, in spite of the problems described, we propose to look out for general or basic principles, which are universally valid in nature. Therefore we are going to speak of foundations for a basic cosmos-model (abbreviated to BCM). We propose three principles or “Cosmic Laws”: - first, a universally observable law for structuring and restructuring natural reality; - second, a principle for ordering events in natural reality, a procedure that is necessary, if one wants to do and develop science claiming reliability; - third, an extension of the existing dimensionality, a mean that is necessary because of the insufficiencies and incompleteness of the existing models. The Cosmic Laws proposed by us do not constitute a scientific model for the universe as a whole. But they do represent foundations and are “test principles” to be applied to other complex models and theories, in order to find out, whether those are in accordance with the “Cosmic Laws”, and thus to avoid inadmissible extrapolations. The huge amount of strange particularities and contradictory competing models which can be found in the literature on astrophysics and cosmology (cf., e.g., Breuer 1993) is caused, as we think, mainly by inadmissible extrapolations. There may exist more than three Cosmic Laws. By collecting such laws and following our guideline referring to them when extrapolating models and laws to any extent, maybe to the whole universe, the situation could be improved.

Will man ein System, insbesondere auch das Universum oder, so wie es die alten Griechen benannten, den Kosmos verstehen und erklären, so muß man zunächst seine wesentlichen Komponenten und die umfassenden Gesetze herausfinden, auf die es sich aufbaut. Ein Modell für das Universum muß natürlich ein maximales sein, welches Platz bietet für alle Modelle, die für Teilbereiche der Wirklichkeit erstellt werden. Ein solches nennen wir Basis-Kosmos-Modell (abgekürzt BKM). Im folgenden stellen wir die Grundlagen für ein BKM zusammen, die insofern neu sind, als sie weiter und umfassender angelegt sind als das auf Einstein zurückgehende vierdimensionale Raum-Zeit-Kontinuum der relativistischen Physik. Diese Grundlagen werden in drei Kosmischen Gesetzen zur Strukturierung von Raum, Zeit, Massen und deren Wechselwirkung formuliert. Wir meinen, daß diese Gesetze Richtlinien darstellen für Entwürfe bzw. Konstruktionen von Modellen der Natürlichen Wirklichkeit. Damit besteht unseres Erachtens die Möglichkeit, die Natürliche Wirklichkeit umfassend darzustellen und damit Fehlschlüsse und unerklärliche "Singularitäten" auszuschließen.

Even in orthodox medicine, after the latest studies, it should hardly be disputed that acupuncture is an effective procedure. From my own experience, both as a therapist and as a patient, it must be added that these successes are also related to the care taken in the selection of points. However, this obviousness lures one onto a wrong track, because one is inclined to deduce certain anatomical connections or structures from it. Accordingly, the Chinese have brought the meridians and Jan and Yin into play for mystification. In my opinion, this is the wrong way to go. The human brain is a biological computer. Thus information is passed on and stored according to fixed rules. Sleep serves to empty the working memory, to process the information and finally to store it so that a new recording is possible again. Acupuncture intervenes in this complicated mechanism. It works - similar to a computer virus, which we know from electronics - in that certain information (nerve impulses) are superimposed with a nonsense code. Thus, the pain impulse can no longer be "received" or its assignment is cancelled. The effect is an extinction or reduction of the pain impulse. For this reason, acupuncture points do not have to have their own anatomical structures. The sum or the pattern of the set nerve impulses through the needle pricks leads to the desired success via a central reflex blockade. Since there are probably individual differences in areas of stimulus processing in people, it is only understandable that acupuncture does not always show the desired success. This is due to the fact that for such a person a different circuit of acupuncture points is necessary. In practice, by observing this principle, I have been able to I have also been able to achieve a significant improvement in acupuncture success. Summary: Acupuncture is not a mystical event but is caused via a pattern of manipulation of the brain caused by a pattern of nerve impulses.

Auch in der Schulmedizin dürfte es nach den letzten Studien kaum mehr strittig sein, dass die Akupunktur ein wirksames Verfahren darstellt. Aus eigener Erfahrung sowohl als Therapeut wie Patient muss man ergänzen, dass diese Erfolge auch im Zusammenhang mit der Sorgfalt der Punktauswahl stehen. Diese Offensichtlichkeit lockt aber auf eine falsche Fährte, weil man geneigt ist, daraus bestimmte anatomische Verbindungen oder Strukturen abzuleiten. Entsprechend haben die Chinesen die Meridiane und Jan und Yin zur Mystifizierung ins Spiel gebracht. Meines Erachtens ist das der falsche Weg. Das menschliche Gehirn ist ein biologischer Computer. So werde nach festen Regeln Informationen weitergeleitet und gespeichert. Der Schlaf dient dazu den Arbeitsspeicher zu leeren, die Informationen zu verarbeiten und letztlich zu speichern, damit wieder eine Neuaufnahme möglich wird. Die Akupunktur greift in diesen komplizierten Mechanismus ein. Sie wirkt dabei - ähnlich wie ein Computervirus, das wir aus dem Elektronikbereich her kennen - in dem bestimmte Informationen (Nervenimpulse) mit einem Nonsens-Code überlagert werden. So kann der Schmerzimpuls nicht mehr „empfangen“ werden oder seine Zuordnung wird aufgehoben. Der Effekt ist eine Auslöschung oder Minderung des Schmerzimpulses. Aus diesem Grund müssen auch für die Akupunkturpunkte keine eigenen anatomischen Strukturen bestehen. Die Summe oder das Muster der gesetzten Nervenimpulse durch die Nadelstiche führt über eine zentrale reflektorische Blockade zum gewünschten Erfolg. Da es wohl individuelle Unterschiede in Bereichen der Reizverarbeitung bei den Menschen gibt, ist es nur verständlich, dass nicht immer die Akupunktur den gewünschten Erfolg zeigt. Dies begründet sich darin, dass für eine solche Person eine andere Schaltung von Akupunkturpunkten notwendig ist. In der Praxis konnte ich unter Beachtung dieses Prinzips auch eine deutliche Verbesserung der Akupunkturerfolge erreichen. Zusammenfassung: Die Akupunktur ist kein mystisches Ereignis sondern über ein Muster von Nervenimpulsen hervorgerufene Manipulation des Gehirns.

Es dürfte unstrittig sein, dass die bisherigen Raketenantriebe höchstens für die Erforschung unseres Sonnensystems geeignet sind. Der Vorrat an Treibstoff limitiert die Unternehmungen, wie auch die zeitlichen Aufwendungen wegen der begrenzten „Reisegeschwindigkeiten“. Unter Berücksichtigung der Einsteinschen Relativitätstheorie sind intergalaktische Unternehmungen sinnlos, da die Zeitverzerrungen eine effektive Kommunikation mit der Erde de facto ausschließen. Unter Berücksichtigung der von uns erstellten Modelle können andere Antriebe völlig neue Perspektiven erschaffen, wobei konventionelle Treibstoffe nicht mehr benötigt werden. In den weiteren Ausführungen werden die Prinzipien dieser Antriebe erläutert, und es bleibt zu hoffen, dass man sich entschließt, unsere Erkenntnisse entsprechend umzusetzen

It should be undisputed that the rocket engines used to date are at most suitable for exploring our solar system. The supply of fuel limits the activities, as does the time required due to the limited "travel speeds". Taking Einstein's theory of relativity into account, intergalactic ventures are pointless, as the time distortions de facto rule out effective communication with the earth. Taking into account the models we have created, other drives can create completely new perspectives, whereby conventional fuels are no longer required. In the following, the principles of these drives are explained, and it is to be hoped that a decision will be made to implement our findings accordingly.

Recent observations of jetstreams generated by black holes claim modifications of previous explanations for that phenomenon, as is described in the literature. We are able to provide appropriate modifications by exploiting our results published in previous papers. Moreover, those recent observations on jetstreams confirm our models and theories concerning the structure of atoms, the explanation of gravitation as electromagnetic phenomenon and the structure of the universe. We think that our models and theories do not contradict the ones of established physics, but enrich them with new additional aspects: The existing laws of physics are not attacked or suspended. Merely some further interactions of matter can be explained and gaps in certain derivations can be closed at least theoretically by our ideas. They need however further additional confirmation by physical research. We start with the structure of atoms and proceed to the explanation of gravitation. The synopsis of both theories in turn leads to the properties of jetstreams discovered recently: They arise at the accretion disc of the black hole and must necessarily consist essentially of protons according to our previous results. Moreover we can explain that not all elementary particles are absorbed by the black hole. Behaviour respectively properties of black holes go with our ideas on the structure of the universe.

Neuere Beobachtungen der Jetstreams Schwarzer Löcher verlangen gemäß der Fachliteratur dazu Modifizierungen der bisherigen Erklärungen dieses Phänomens. Wir bieten in dieser Arbeit eine Erklärung an, die auf früheren Arbeiten von uns beruht. Mehr noch: Wir sehen uns durch diese neuen Erkenntnisse über Jetstreams bestätigt in unseren Modellen und Theorien zum Aufbau des Atoms, der Erklärung der Gravitation als elektromagnetisches Phänomen und zur Struktur des Universums. Das legen wir im Folgenden detaillierter dar, indem wir vom Kleinsten, dem Atom, ausgehend die Gravitation erklären. Die Zusammenschau beider Theorien wiederum erklärt die Jetstreams, insbesondere, dass diese an der Akkretionsscheibe des Schwarzen Loches entstehen und im Wesentlichen aus Protonen bestehen. Gemäß unserer Erkenntnisse in früheren Arbeiten werden nämlich nicht alle Elementarbausteine vom Schwarzen Loch absorbiert. Das Verhalten bzw. Eigenschaften Schwarzer Löcher passen zu unseren Vorstellungen zur Struktur des Universums.